About RIK Journals
‘RIK Journals’ are international journals intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Science, Technology, Arts, Management, Engineering, Humanities, Social Science, Education, etc. RIK Journals are...
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| All | Since 2015 | |
|---|---|---|
| Citation | 2400 | 1030 |
| h-index | 962 | 911 |
| i-index | 423 | 261 |
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2025 Archive
| Number 2 |
Title: Analyzing the Reliability of Personal Communication System (PCS): Issues and Challenges Author: Mary J. Kalsah (Ph.D) Abstract: ... Personal Communication System (PCS) designates a set of wireless communications capabilities that allows the combination of terminal mobility, personal mobility, and service profile management. PCS can provide users with an all-in-one wireless phone, paging, messaging, and data service through portable devices. However, mobile services relaxed security has effectively made device users a target for hackers; mobile users have become increasingly concerned with security risks. The need for security has never been more detrimental than it is now. In this paper, we present a survey on emerging security issues of personal communication system, such as virus, worm, phishing and many others. In addition, some real recent examples are studied and finally some security rules are given to PCS users. Show More |
| Number 2 |
Title: Smart Ophthalmic Decision Support System for Early Detection and Evidence-Based Treatment of Common Eye Diseases Author: Osaki Miller Thom-Manuel & Fortune Nyebuchi Ama-Okachi Abstract: ... Visual impairment globally is still very much caused by common eye diseases, particularly in regions where access to specialized care is limited. Preventing irreversible loss of eyesight still requires early detection and timely treatment recommendations. In order to facilitate the early detection of diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration, this study introduces a smart clinical decision support system that offers evidence-based treatment recommendations. The proposed system combines an evidence-based treatment protocol set derived from recognized ophthalmology recommendations with a patient-friendly interface and a machine learning prediction engine trained on clinical and imaging data. A structured system analysis and design methodology was adopted in the development of the architecture, data flow, and functional components of the system. The usability and functionality of the system were assessed, and it showed effective prediction and reliable therapy recommendations. The results demonstrate the potential of AI-powered support systems in improving ophthalmic care quality, standardizing patient management, and increasing diagnostic accuracy. Keywords: Clinical Decision Support, Eye Disease Prediction, Machine Learning, Ophthalmic Diagnostics, Treatment Guidance, Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma Detection, Health Informatics. Show More |
| Number 2 |
Title: Management of Water Resources in Ghana and The Challenges of Non-Revenue Water Author: Chung Klin, PhD & Kwame Joseph Abstract: ... Management of water resources has become a major challenge in Ghana. Efforts to address the situation through serious water sector reforms have provided some improvements, with some serious challenges still persisting globally. This paper takes a view of water management systems in Ghana by focusing on some specific issues such as water production, water sales, total cost and their relationship with the non-revenue water (NRW). The paper adopts “correlation theory” of observations from 2003 to 2009 using Ministry of Water Resources Works and Housing, Ghana data. The findings reveal that, one major problem confronting water resources management in Ghana among others is lack of proper institutional structures and enforcement agencies. The study also revealed that total revenue and total cost of water provision have negative but moderate correlation with NRW but does not give any indication of how good this relationship might be. Again, it was found that where there are aspects of institutional structures, there are limited enforcement agencies for monitoring to ensure compliance. Keywords: Non- revenue water, water management, opportunities, challenges, Ghana. Show More |
| Number 2 |
Title: Estimating and Analyzing the Minimum Needs of Green Open Space in Accordance with Its CO2 Sink Capacity Using Dynamic System Approach Estimate Temperature Humidity Author: Fatima Dramigu Abstract: ... Urban development in Bogor City has been responsible for the urban heat island effect and raised the air temperature. The main cause is the increasing of anthropogenic emission from fossil energy combustion and municipal solid waste treatment. On the other hand, the increasing of built-up space and declining green open space also lead the increasing of the air temperature. Limited green open space reduced the capacity of environment to mitigate (purifying) itself. The purpose of this study was to: (i) estimate the minimum needs of green open space in accordance with its CO2 sink capacity, (ii) analyze possible policy to support green growth-based development in Bogor City, and (iii) estimate CO2 emission and Temperature Humidity Index value in the future using dynamic system approach. The result of this research, especially the study of the conditions of urban heat island effect, indicated that Bogor city would experience the urban heat island effect where the value was higher than 270C in 2031. A Green scenario was developed using simulation is expected to be able to control urban heat island up to 2048. Moderate scenario has shown that the urban heat island effect will be experienced in 2039. Pessimistic scenario estimated that Bogor city would experience urban heat island effects in 2028. Keywords: anthropogenic emission, built up, dynamic system, green open space, urban heat island. Show More |
| Number 2 |
Title: Assessment of the Levels of Ambient Air Quality of Ogba, Rivers State Author: Nwoke, I. B.; Clifford, O. & Nwineewii, J. D. Abstract: ... Ambient air pollution has become a major environmental and public health concern globally due to increasing industrialization, urbanization, and population growth. This study assessed the levels of ambient air quality in Ogba, located in Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Air quality monitoring was conducted across selected sampling locations during both wet and dry seasons. Meteorological parameters and major air pollutants including particulate matter (PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), methane (CH₄), ammonia (NH₃), ozone (O₃), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured using portable air monitoring instruments. The results indicated that during the wet season PM₂.₅ concentrations ranged from 0.004±0.002 to 0.017±0.010 ppm, while PM₁₀ ranged from 0.009±0.003 to 0.024±0.001 ppm. During the dry season, PM₂.₅ ranged from 0.008±0.010 to 0.020±0.010 ppm, while PM₁₀ ranged from 0.011±0.002 to 0.034±0.004 ppm. These values were below the permissible limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA). Air Quality Index (AQI) analysis showed that PM₁₀ levels fell within the “good” category during both seasons, while carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide indicated moderate air quality conditions. The non-carcinogenic health risk assessment revealed hazard quotient values greater than one for PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, and NO₂, indicating potential non-carcinogenic health risks associated with long-term exposure. These findings suggest that although most pollutant concentrations were within international regulatory limits, prolonged exposure may pose potential respiratory and cardiovascular health risks to residents. Keywords: Ambient Air Quality, Particulate Matter, Air Pollution, Health Risk Assessment, Ogba, Rivers State Show More |
| Number 2 |
Title: The Superiority of the Herbal medication Schitozim over Praziquantel in Treating BALBc Mices Schistosoma Mansoni Infection Author: Joseph Jira Abstract: ... Schistosomiasis is a major public health problem worldwide. Schistosome eggs are responsible for most pathology. The organs affected are liver and spleen. There has been very little progress on schistosomiasis chemotherapy in Kenya due to the high costs and unavailability of known drugs to the local masses. There has been a resurgence of interest in the study of antischistosomal medicinal plants of local origin. Plants seem to be a cheaper source for drug development. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of a herbal drug, Schitozim over Praziquantel in the management of S. mansoni infection in BALB/c mice and to provide defined information of the parasitological and immunological responses towards this herbal drug. BALB/c mouse strains, was used. The experimental groups included; normal/naive control; infected and not treated control group; infected groups administered with three different doses (50 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg) of Schitozim and infected group administered with one standard dose (900 mg/kg) of Praziquantel. Serum were collected at week 6 post infections and week 2 post treatment and assayed to determine total leukocyte counts, differential counts, blood chemistry parameters and the levels of immunoglobulin G using ELISA kit. At week 6, perfusion was done to determine worm load. Data was analysed using SPSS, the data was expressed as mean} standard error of means. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out to compare differences between treatment groups while multiple comparisons between the various treatment groups was done using Dunnet Test and Least Significance Difference Test (LSD). Results show that worm count in the groups treated with Schitozim was not significantly different from the number of worms recovered in the group treated with praziquantel. Secondly, Schitozim was able to maintain a normal level of the three tested transaminases. The levels of bilirubin, albumin were also maintained at a normal range in the infected mice treated with Schitozim and Praziquantel. Eosinophil counts were low in number in both Schitozim and Praziquantel treated groups. Lymphocyes, monocytes and neutrophils counts were high in the both groups. SWAP specific IgG response, 0-3hr release protein specific IgG response and SEA specific IgG responses were not significantly different among the Schitozim and Praziquantel treated groups. Phytochemical screening showed that flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids and tannins were present in schitozim aqueous extract. From the information above on worm recovery, populations of leucocytes in serum, levels of ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, and albumin, Schitozim behaves similar to Praziquentel in the management of S. mansoni infection in BALB/c mice. However, further research is needed to determine toxic level of schitozim since all drugs will turn out to be toxic when certain concentration is reached. Other studies which will investigate the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, High density cholesterol and low density cholesterol on Schitozim treated- S. mansoni infected mice. Keywords: Schitozim, Praziquantel, Transaminases, Lymphocytes, IgG, Phytochemical screening, BALB/c Mice. Show More |
| Number 2 |
Title: Examining the Character of the Natural Forest Ecosystem with High Resolution and LiDAR Data Author: Pechro Umaru Abstract: ... Ecosystem character the subject very important to investigate, the product of characterizing ecology is map of ecology area, type, vegetation structure. Where vegetation zone it will influence the habitat of biota. To extract the information have used multi data of multi sensor to rising up quality and information. The method used in this research is imagery transformation, OBIA classification, compilation data. The imagery classification to detecting ecology is OBIA technic have used to mapping land cover type, LIDAR analyst and. Compilation data have rising up the quality information of ecology zone. In the research we have find the ecology zone have many difference character, the character it has showing by the vegetation high, fraction vegetation. All of the point has showing the habitat, and the possible to measure the home base to migration and area to protecting the biota. The compilation data include geo- physic data has support the quality and result. In the end the geo- physic data divide the forest ecosystem zone to more detail and set vegetation in class and sub class such as natural forest ecosystem zone. Keywords: Ecology, Habitat, Remote Sensing. Show More |
| Number 2 |
Title: Population-Weighted Exposure Assessment of Composite Radiological and Heavy Metal Risks Using GIS-Based Overlay of Demographic Data in a Nigerian Urban Dumpsite Environment Author: Gbarato, O. L.; Nwi, A. A. & Ikata, E. S. Abstract: ... Environmental risk assessments around waste dumpsites typically generate hazard maps, such as contaminant concentrations or radiological dose rates, but often fail to translate these outputs into population exposure metrics. Without integrating demographic data, it remains unclear how many people are affected, which groups are most vulnerable, and where interventions should be prioritised. This limitation reduces the effectiveness of risk maps for environmental justice and land-use planning. A spatially resolved composite risk assessment was conducted around the Osisioma municipal dumpsite, Nigeria. Background ionising radiation (BIR) was measured at 120 locations, and soil samples (n=45) were analysed for heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Ni). Radiological indices (annual effective dose equivalent, AEDE; excess lifetime cancer risk, ELCR) and toxicological indices (hazard index, HI; carcinogenic risk, CR) were computed and integrated into a Composite Risk Index (CRI=normalised AEDE + normalised HI + normalised CR). Continuous CRI surfaces were generated using ordinary kriging. High-resolution population data (WorldPop, 100 m grid) were overlaid with CRI risk tiers (CRI1). The population-weighted CRI was 1.42 (95% CI: 1.28-1.56), indicating that the average resident experiences risk levels above acceptable limits. All 1,250 residents within the 0-100 m buffer were classified in the very high-risk category (CRI ≥3). In the 100-300 m buffer, 2,800 individuals were exposed to high risk (CRI 2-3), while 750 residents in the 300–500 m buffer were in the moderate-risk category (CRI 1-2). Overall, 4,800 people were exposed to CRI≥1. Children under five years accounted for approximately 18% of the exposed population, highlighting a particularly vulnerable subgroup. Population-weighted exposure assessment transforms static hazard maps into actionable public health intelligence by linking environmental risk to affected populations. The approach identifies not only where risks occur but also the scale and distribution of human exposure. For the Osisioma dumpsite, immediate intervention, including relocation or engineered containment, is warranted for residents in the very high-risk zone. The GIS-based overlay framework is transferable to other contaminated environments and should be incorporated as a standard component of environmental impact assessments. Keywords: Population-Weighted Exposure; Composite Risk Index; Dumpsite Contamination; GIS Spatial Analysis; Environmental Justice; Heavy Metals and Radiological Risk. Show More |